Recently, astronomers have observed stars and other objects that orbit the center of the Milky Way Galaxy farther out than our Sun, but move around faster than we do. How do astronomers think such an observation can be explained?

That scenario can be explained by the idea of the contribution of dark matter on that point.

Explanation:

It can be explained through the idea of dark matter, this one was born to explain why stars (or any object) that were farther for the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy didn't decrease it rotational velocity as it was expected according to equation 1.

 (1)

Where v is the rotational velocity, G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the supermassive black hole, and r is the orbital radius.

Notice, that If the distance increases the orbital speed decreases (inversely proportional).