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Val works as a paleoclimatologist in Alaska. While studying ice core samples, she identifies an increase in the isotopic ratio of oxygen 10,000 years ago. From this discovery, she knows that Earth’s temperature at that time was . Aside from temperature, Val can also learn about from the ice cores. Val’s data suggests that she’s uncovered a glacial climate for this time period. During a glacial climate, Val knows, there would have been sea level, compared to what she witnesses today.

the design of a ski jumping suit involves a trade-off between giving the skiers lift to get higher jumps and ensuring the skier does not face a lot of drag before the jump itself. an expansive suit may to lift the skier higher, but at the same time, it will also increase the air resistance. higher air resistance as the skier goes down the slope limits the speed of the jump. a big suit also increases the risk of losing balance or control, especially if there's a strong gust of wind. while technologically enhanced suits a lot, clothing is not the only factor in a ski jumper’s success. gathering speed while skiing down the slope, ensuring good speed on the ramp, and maintaining good body posture and form in the air all contribute to a ski jumper's success.