A solar sail allows a spacecraft to use radiation pressure for propulsion, similar to the way wind propels a sailboat. The sails of such spacecraft are made out of enormous reflecting panels. The area of the panels is maximized to catch the largest number of incident photons, thus maximizing the momentum transfer from the incident radiation.
For such spacecraft to work, the force from the radiation pressure exerted by the photons must be greater than the gravitational attraction to the star emitting the photons. The critical parameter is the area density (mass per unit area) of the sail.

A.) Consider a perfectly reflecting mirror oriented so that solar radiation of intensity I is incident upon, and perpendicular to, the reflective surface of the mirror. If the mirror has surface area A, what is Frad, the magnitude of the average force due to the radiation pressure of the sunlight on the mirror? 2IA/c and this is correct.
To solve the second part of this problem you will need to know the following:
* the mass of the sun, Msun = 2 x 10^30 kg
* the intensity of sunlight as a function of the distance R from the sun,
IsunR = 3.2 x 10^25 1/R^2 (W/m^2) and
* the gravitational constant G = 6.67 x 10^-11 m^3/(kg x s^2)
B.) Suppose that the mirror described in Part A is initially at rest a distance R away from the sun. What is the critical value of area density for the mirror at which the radiation pressure exactly cancels out the gravitational attraction from the sun?

Correct

To solve the second part of this problem you will need to know the following:

the mass of the sun, Msun=2.0×1030kg,

the intensity of sunlight as a function of the distance, R, from the sun,

Isun(R)=3.2×1025WR2,

and

Explanation:

most voltage drop calculators want the distance between the source and destination. then internally, they double it so both the source and return wires are calculated. but you need to know which distance the calculator uses so you're not half of what you should be or double what you should be.

most circuit breakers will not take a #6 directly, so the electrician will have to splice on a smaller pigtail. you also have to upsize the grounding wire when you upsized the ungrounded (hot) wire (see note in 250.122). this will preclude using most cable assemblies, as a cable with #6 copper will most likely only have a #10 grounding conductor. you need a #6 grounding conductor if the circuit is 20a. a #8 cable is no better, as it will have a #10 grounding conductor too. but most 20a breakers will take a #8 directly.

in your related post, you didn't say what type of load this is. if it is a light or heater, voltage drop won't be a big issue. if this is a motor, the current needs are huge at startup and the voltage drop can pose a problem. if this is a motor, knowing if the motor is under much load during startup will answer the voltage drop effect (a saw is easier to start than a compressor).

b) returns freshwater to the earth.

c) returns freshwater to the earth.c) occurs after condensation.

d) returns freshwater to the earth.c) occurs after condensation.d) roughly equal to the amount of evaporation.

happy to

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