The conservation of energy principle applies to a. all systems. b. open systems. c. closed systems. d. Ideal gas systems.

closed systems

Explanation:

A closed system is one in which matter does not enter or leave the system but there is exchange of energy between the system and its environment. In a closed system, the principle of energy conservation applies. The principle of energy conservation states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but is converted from one form to another. An example of a closed system is a reaction vessel whose lid is closed.

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scattering of light by tiny particles in air to produce the colors we see on sky, is dependent on the following factors:

(i) wavelength of light

(ii) size of the scattering particle  

(iii) distance traveled by light through the atmosphere.

according to rayleigh's law of scattering, the amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength. shorter the wavelength, greater is its scattering. hence violet/blue light is scattered more than red.

sun's light is a composite light ( visible light) with wavelengths in the range 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). as sunlight passes through our atmosphere, the molecules of air scatter light according to their wavelengths. during sunrise and sunset, the sun's position is below the horizon. hence light from the sun travels a greater distance in the atmosphere when compared to its position a noon.

as sunlight enters the earth's atmosphere, blue light is scattered away and at the end of its journey in the sky, only red and orange wavelengths remain in the beam.

hence at sunrise and sunset, the sky appears reddish orange.