When you touch a friend after walking across a rug on a dry day, you typically draw a spark of about 2 mm.

a. What is the spacing between the plates?
b. The magnitude of the electric field for which dielectric breakdown occurs in air is about 3 MV/m. Estimate the potential difference between you and your friend before the spark. Answer in units of V.

The heater element of a 120 v toaster is a 5.4 m length of nichrome wire, whose diameter is 0.48 mm. the resistivity of nichrome at the operating temperature of the toaster is 1.3 × 10-6 ω·m. the toaster is operated at a voltage of 120 v. (a) what is the power drawn by the toaster? (b) if the cost of electricity is 12 ¢ per kilowatt-hour, and it takes 2 minutes to toast bread, how much does it cost for toasted bread? (c) when the heater element is at room temperature, is the resistivity in the nichrome wire greater than, less than, or equal to it’s resistivity when at operating temperature? explain.