Consider two air-filled parallel-plate capacitors with circular plates. Capacitor 1 has a distance between plates d and plate radius R. Capacitor 2 has a distance between plates 2d and plate radius R/2.
If the capacitance of capacitor 1 is C, then the capacitance of capacitor 2 is?

1/8 x C

Explanation:

The capacitance of parallel plate capacitor

= ε₀ A /d where A is area of plate and d is distance between plate.

for capacitor 1

C =  ε₀ A /d

For capacitor 2

radius = R/2

Area = A / 4

Capacitance

= ε₀ (A/4) x ( 1 / 2d )

= ( 1 / 8) x (ε₀ A /d)

= 1/8 x C

what experimental evidence led scientists to change from the previous model to this one?

a few of the positive particles aimed at a gold foil seemed to bounce back.

the colors of light emitted from heated atoms had very specific energies.

experiments with water vapor showed that elements combine in specific proportions.

cathode rays were bent in the same way whenever a magnet was brought near them.

as we know our atmosphere or air have different levels. every level has other gasses, and every gas has another permeability. when the light comes from lower permeability to higher permeability, it changes its direction. so that means that when the light comes from the moon to the earth, it changes it's direction many more times. it basically means that the shape of the light part of the moon is changed on the earth.

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