A.) what happens when a force is applied to an atom? b.) what is this called?

i need this for a review cause im dumb : )

Agas contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes three processes in series: process 12: compression with pv= constant from 1 bar and 1 liter to 4 bar. process 23: constant pressure expansion to 1 liter. process 31: constant volume calculate the pressure and volume at each state, and sketch the processes on a p-vdiagram labeled with pressure and volume values at each numbered stat

Acommercial refrigerator with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is used to keep the refrigerated space at -35°c by rejecting waste heat to cooling water that enters the condenser at 18°c at a rate of 0.25 kg/s and leaves at 26°c. the refrigerant enters the condenser at 1.2 mpa and 50°c. if the compressor consumes 3.3 kw of power, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, (b) the refrigeration load, (c) the cop, and (d) the minimum power input to the compressor for the same refrigeration load.

Scientists follow specific processes in order to determine valid explanations and conclusions from observations. david observed strange lights in the sky above his home outside of roswell, new mexico. the only explanation that makes sense to him is that there are ufos in the area. what should david do next to verify his explanation?