•how do sexually reproducing organisms produce gametes from diploid progenitors? • how does the process increase gamete diversity? • what are the outcomes from independent assortment and crossing over? • how does the distance between two genes or a gene and a centromere affect crossover frequencies?

Assume that a person skiing high in the mountains at an altitude of h = 15100 ft takes in the same volume of air with each breath as she does while walking at sea level. determine the ratio of the mass of oxygen inhaled for each breath at this high altitude compared to that at sea level. assume that the air composition (i.e. % of air that is oxygen) is the same at sea level as it is at 15100 ft.