Transverse, surface, and longitudinal waves are all waves because they
a. mechanical; require a medium to travel through
b. electromagnetic; require a medium to travel through
c. mechanical; can travel through vacuums
d. electromagnetic; can travel through vacuums

a. mechanical; require a medium to travel through

Explanation:

Longitudinal, transverse and surface waves are types of mechanical waves. For example, within the longitudinal waves are the sound waves, which needs a medium to propagate like the air. This is why sound does not travel in a vacuum.

And an example of a transverse wave is the waves that form in the water when a rock is thrown (ripples), these waves need a medium (the water) to propagate.

On the other hand, electromagnetic waves such as light waves do not need a medium to propagate, this is why we can see the light of distant stars because their light travels through the vacuum until it reaches us.

So, the answer is:

Transverse, surface, and longitudinal waves are all mechanical waves because they require a medium to travel through .

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as we know our atmosphere or air have different levels. every level has other gasses, and every gas has another permeability. when the light comes from lower permeability to higher permeability, it changes its direction. so that means that when the light comes from the moon to the earth, it changes it's direction many more times. it basically means that the shape of the light part of the moon is changed on the earth.

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