Through both refraction and diffraction, the atmosphere alters the apparent speed and, to a lesser extent, the direction of the signal. this causes an apparent delay in the signal's transit from the satellite to the receiver.

The Ionospheric Effect

Explanation:

One of the largest errors in GPS positioning is attributable to the atmosphere. The long, relatively unhindered travel of the GPS signal through the virtual vacuum of space changes as it passes through the earth’s atmosphere. Through both refraction and diffraction, the atmosphere alters the apparent speed and, to a lesser extent, the direction of the signal. This causes an apparent delay in the signal's transit from the satellite to the receiver.

the duration of a photographic flash is related to an rc time constant, which is 0.100 μs for a certain camera.