Op-amps can be used with nonlinear circuit elements such as diodes to obtain circuit functions that cannot be realized using simply resistors and current and/or voltage sources. (a)consider the op-amp circuit at right, which contains a diode for which we can assume the relationship between current and voltage is i=i0eav. this is the same type of device that is used as a solar cell in the solar cell lab. compute vo as a function of vs, rs, i0, and a in this circuit. assume ideal op-amp behavior. (b)suppose you are given 4 ideal op amps, 3 diodes for which i=i0eav, and an unlimited number of resistors (of any value you choose). assume i0=1×10-7a and a=40. construct a circuit that takes two input voltages, v1 and v2, and generates an output vo=10v1v2.

speed of light in vacuum is 300,000 km/s

speed of light in other mediums is given by the expression v = c/n, where c is the speed of light in vacuum and n is the refractive index of medium.

for the first medium v = 200,000 km/s

  so, refractive index of medium = 300000/200000 = 1.5

    1.5 refractive index is usually for glass. so first medium is glass.

for the second medium v = 250,00 km/s

so, refractive index of medium = 300000/250000 = 1.2

    1.2 refractive index is usually for water. so second medium is water.

for the third medium v = 0 km/s

so, refractive index of medium = 300000/0 = ∞

    ∞ refractive index is usually for opaque mediums. so third medium is opaque medium.

higher potential

explanation:

because it is in a high speed so it must move into a of high potential