Aplastic light pipe has an index of refraction of 1.45. for total internal reflection, what is the maximum angle of incidence to the wall of the pipe if the pipe is in (a) air? (b) water? be careful: the problem asks for the angle with the of the pipe. this is not the angle in snell's law. use =1.333 for the index of refraction of water.

(a) 43.6°

(b) 66.5°

Explanation:

Refractive index for plastic np = 1.45

refractive index of air na = 1

(a)

Let the maximum value of angle of incidence in air is i and the angle of refraction is 90° for total internal reflection.

By using Snell's law

Sin i = 0.6897

i = 43.6°

(b)

Let the maximum value of angle of incidence in water is i and the angle of refraction is 90° for total internal reflection.

By using Snell's law

Sin i = 0.917

i = 66.5°

electromagnetic shielding is the practice of reducing the electromagnetic field in a space by blocking the field with barriers made of conductive or magnetic materials. shielding is typically applied to enclosures to isolate electrical devices from their surroundings, and to cables to isolate wires from the environment through which the cable runs. electromagnetic shielding that blocks radio frequency electromagnetic radiation is also known as rf shielding.

the shielding can reduce the coupling of radio waves, electromagnetic fields and electrostatic fields. a conductive enclosure used to block electrostatic fields is also known as a faraday cage. the amount of reduction depends very much upon the material used, its thickness, the size of the shielded volume and the frequency of the fields of interest and the size, shape and orientation of apertures in a shield to an incident electromagnetic

from wikipedia