Additional problem: a simple pendulum, consisting of a string (of negligible mass) of length l with a small mass m at the end, is initially held horizontal (θ = 90o) and then released. (a) what is the maximum velocity that the mass attains after release? (b) at what angle, θm, is the power delivered to the ball by gravity a maximum as the pendulum swings down? take θ = 0 when the pendulum is vertical.

a)   v = √ 2gL  abd  b)  θ = 45º

Explanation:

a) for this part we use the law of conservation of energy,

Highest starting point

       Em₀ = U = mg h

Final point. Lower

       Em₂ = ½ m v²

      Em₀ = Em₂

      m g h = ½ m v²

      v = √2g h

      v = √ 2gL

b) the definition of power is the relationship between work and time, but work is the product of force by displacement

     P = W / t = F. d / t = F. v

If we use Newton's second law, with one axis of the tangential reference system to the trajectory and the other perpendicular, in the direction of the rope, the only force we have to break down is the weight

     sin θ = Wt / W

     Wt = W sin θ

This force is parallel to the movement and also to the speed, whereby the scalar product is reduced to the ordinary product

     P = F v

The equation that describes the pendulum's motion is

    θ = θ₀ cos (wt)

Let's replace

    P = (W sin θ) θ₀ cos (wt)

    P = W θ₀ sint θ cos (wt)

We use the equation of rotational kinematics

    θ = wt

    P = Wθ₀ sin θ cos θ

Let's use

   sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ

   P = Wθ₀/2 sin 2θ

This expression is maximum when the sine has a value of one (sin 2θ = 1), which occurs for 90º,

    2θ = 90

    θ = 45º

what experimental evidence led scientists to change from the previous model to this one?

a few of the positive particles aimed at a gold foil seemed to bounce back.

the colors of light emitted from heated atoms had very specific energies.

experiments with water vapor showed that elements combine in specific proportions.

cathode rays were bent in the same way whenever a magnet was brought near them.