Which of the following is not one of kirchhoff's laws?
a. a luminous solid, liquid, or dense gas emits a continuous spectrum.
b. a low-density, cool gas absorbs photons from a continuous source, creating an absorption spectrum.
c. a low-density, cool gas in isolation creates a continuous spectrum.
d. a low-density, hot gas emits an emission spectrum.

C) A low-density, cool gas in isolation creates a continuous spectrum.

Explanation:

Kirchhoff’s laws established that:

Stars are perfect examples for Kirchhoff’s laws. Since in the case of the stars, the photons that are received are not directly from the nucleus, but those that have traveled hundreds of thousands of years to reach the stellar atmosphere. Due to the stars are not at homogeneous temperature, density and pressure, but have gradients in different layers because of the nuclear reactions, superficial gravity or to its constant exchange of heat with its surroundings in an attempt to reach the thermodynamic equilibrium, the continuum observed in the stellar spectra comes from the inner layer of the photosphere, while absorption lines are formed in the outer layer of the photosphere and the stellar atmosphere. More accurately, a photon of the inner layer of the photosphere will be absorbed by an electron of an atom or ion that is in the outer layer, generating an electronic transition¹, the electron, upon returning to its base state will emit a photon or a series of photons that will not necessarily go in the same direction of the incident photon, creating an absorption line in the stellar spectrum.

On the other hand, in the case where the stars have surrounding material (diffuse gas), the atoms, molecules or ions in the medium are excited by the radiation that comes from the stellar atmosphere, thus producing an emission spectrum.

Key terms:

¹Electronic transition: When an electron passes from one energy level to another, either for the emission or absorption of a photon.

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