19. explain why a magnet from your refrigerator could not be used to lift something as heavy as a car. (chapter 7 – pages 202-203) 20. can a magnet ever have a single pole? explain your answer. (chapter 7 – page 208) 21. what happens to the wavelength of a wave if the frequency is increased? (chapter 9 – pages 280-281) 22. an ocean wave has a wavelength of 10 m and a frequency of 4.0 hz. what is the velocity of the wave? show the appropriate equation from your book and show your work with units. (chapter 9 – page 282) 23. as you sit outside, the sound of a siren becomes lower in pitch. is the emergency vehicle moving away from or towards you? explain how you know. (chapter 10 – page 315-316) 24. why are two astronauts in space unable to hear one another? (chapter 10 – page 307) 25. explain in at least 3 sentences how electromagnetic waves form. (chapter 11 – page 338-339) 26. using the chart on page 345 in your textbook, what are the three types of electromagnetic wave with wavelengths shorter than those of visible light. give an example of each. (chapter 11 – pages 345-351) 27. explain why a leaf usually appears to be green, but a rose typically appears red. (chapter 12 – page 373) 28. what is the difference in light that is refracted compared to light that is reflected? think in terms of speed of light as well as what happens to light waves when they interact with a medium. (chapter 12 – pages 369-370) 29. how are concave and convex lenses different? (chapter 13 – page 408-410) 30. what type of mirror is used in rearview mirrors in cars? why is it important that these mirrors have the warning, “objects in mirror are closer than they appear.”? (chapter 13 – page 405)

19.

It is because the gravitational force of Earth on a car is much more than the magnetic force from a refrigerator magnet. The gravitational force of earth on an object is directly proportional to the mass of the object. Due to the large mass of the car. the gravitational force on it is much greater and a refrigerator magnet cannot be used to lift the car.

20.

No, a magnet can never have a single pole. When cut in half, it develops two poles again

This is explained by Gauss's law of magnetism according to which the divergence of magnetic field is zero. The magnetic field lines must form a closed loop. In order to form a balanced closed loop, a magnet must have two poles.

21.

If the frequency of a wave is increased, the wavelength decreases.

Let us assume a wave with velocity v and wavelength λ is moving with a frequency f. We know that the velocity of a wave is always constant and is given as:

v = fλ

or λ=v/f

the relationship between λ and f is given as:

λ ∝ 1/f

When frequency is increased, the wavelength decreases.

22.

Wavelength of an ocean wave = λ = 10 m

Frequency of the ocean wave = f = 4.0 Hz

Velocity of the wave = v = ?

We know that for a wave with wavelength λ and frequency f, the velocity of that wave is given by the formula:

                             v = fλ

Using the given values in the formula:

v = (4 Hz)(10 m)

v = (4 s⁻¹)(10 m)                     (f = 1/T and Hz = s⁻¹)

v = 40 ms⁻¹

23.

If the sound of a siren becomes lower in pitch, it means that the vehicle is moving away from you. This is because of Doppler's effect.

According to Doppler's effect, when the source is moving away from a stationary receiver, the wavelength of the wave increases and thus the frequency f of the wave decreases to frequency f'.

f' = f(V/(V + Vs)         (V = velocity of wave ;   Vs = Velocity of source)

24.

Two astronauts in space are unable to hear each other. This is because sound waves cannot travel in space.

Sound waves are longitudinal waves. They need a medium to travel. Sound travels to our year by vibrating through the air molecules. In deep space, there are no molecules to vibrate. So there is no sound.

25.

Electromagnetic waves can transfer energy through vacuum.

EM waves are produced from an oscillating charged particles. It contains electric field waves and magnetic field waves oscillating perpendicular to each other. The plane of propagation of EM wave is in a plane perpendicular to both of them.

Once in motion, EM waves are self-perpetuating. Change is one field produces the other and so on.

26.

Three types of electromagnetic waves:

Ultraviolet rays:

Waves that have wavelength just shorter than the visible rays. Example is the UV radiations from the sun that cause sunburns.

X-rays:

X-rays have wavelength even shorter than UV radiations. Example: X-rays are used to take pictures of bones. They can penetrate through skin and muscles.

Gamma rays:

Gamma rays are the shortest waves and have the most energy. Example: Gamma rays used in treating cancer.

27.

A leaf usually appears to be green because chlorophyll absorbs light in the red and the blue regions of the visible light spectrum. Green light is not absorbed but reflected, making the plant appear green. Similarly, A red flower appears red because it reflects wavelengths most strongly in the red part of the spectrum. Light in the other range is absorbed.

28.

Light waves have different speed in different mediums.

On reflection, it remains in the same medium. So the speed of light also remains constant.

In refraction, the medium changes and the speed changes as well. Light is slower in denser mediums. Velocity of the light wave will decrease in a denser medium. To keep frequency constant, the wavelength of the wave will also shorten.

29.

A Convex lens converges the light rays towards the principal axis. Where as a Concave lens diverges the light rays away from the principal axes.

Convex lens is thicker at the center while Concave lens is thinner at the center.

Convex lens has a positive focal length while the concave lens has a negative focal length.

30.

The mirror used in rear-view mirror of a car are slightly curved (convex mirror).

The mirror is curved in an attempt to eliminate blind spots for the driver, making it safer and easier to view objects on the back of the vehicle.

The warning, "Objects in mirror are closer than they appear." is important because it is true. The image formed by a convex mirror is far than that of the actual objects. So, the driver is warned.

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