Aball is tossed with enough speed straight up so that it is in the air several seconds. (a) what is the velocity of the ball when it reaches its highest point? (b) what is its velocity 1 s before it reaches its highest point? (c) what is the change in its velocity during this 1-s interval? (d) what is its velocity 1 s after it reaches its highest point? (e) what is the change in velocity during this 1-s interval? (f) what is the change in velocity during the 2-s interval? (careful! ) (g) what is the acceleration of the ball during any of these time intervals and at the moment the ball has zero velocity

(a) Zero

When the ball reaches its highest point, the direction of motion of the ball reverses (from upward to downward). This means that the velocity is changing sign: this also means that at that moment, the velocity must be zero.

This can be also understood in terms of conservation of energy: when the ball is tossed up, initially it has kinetic energy

where m is the ball's mass and v is the initial speed. As it goes up, this kinetic energy is converted into potential energy, and when the ball reaches the highest point, all the kinetic energy has been converted into potential energy:

where g is the gravitational acceleration and h is the height of the ball at highest point. At that point, therefore, the potential energy is maximum, while the kinetic energy is zero, and so the velocity is also zero.

(b) 9.8 m/s upward

We can find the velocity of the ball 1 s before reaching its highest point by using the equation:

where

a = g = -9.8 m/s^2 is the acceleration due to gravity, which is negative since it points downward

v = 0 is the final velocity (at the highest point)

u is the initial velocity

t = 1 s is the time interval

Solving for u, we find

and the positive sign means it points upward.

(c) -9.8 m/s

The change in velocity during the 1-s interval is given by

where

v = 0 is the final velocity (at the highest point)

u = 9.8 m/s is the initial velocity

Substituting, we find

(d) 9.8 m/s downward

We can find the velocity of the ball 1 s after reaching its highest point by using again the equation:

where this time we have

a = g = -9.8 m/s^2 is the acceleration due to gravity, still negative

v  is the final velocity (1 s after reaching the highest point)

u = 0 is the initial velocity (at the highest point)

t = 1 s is the time interval

Solving for v, we find

and the negative sign means it points downward.

(e) -9.8 m/s

The change in velocity during the 1-s interval is given by

where here we have

v = -9.8 m/s is the final velocity (1 s after reaching the highest point)

u = 0 is the initial velocity (at the highest point)

Substituting, we find

(f) -19.6 m/s

The change in velocity during the overall 2-s interval is given by

where in this case we have:

v = -9.8 m/s is the final velocity (1 s after reaching the highest point)

u = +9.8 m/s is the initial velocity (1 s before reaching the highest point)

Substituting, we find

(g) -9.8 m/s^2

There is always one force acting on the ball during the motion: the force of gravity, which is given by

where

m is the mass of the ball

g = -9.8 m/s^2 is the acceleration due to gravity

According to Newton's second law, the resultant of the forces acting on the body is equal to the product of mass and acceleration (a), so

which means that the acceleration is

and the negative sign means it points downward.

365.25 earth days are in the year of a light year