Which of galileo’s initial observation was most challenging to establish geocentric beliefs ?

Aproton is projected toward a fixed nucleus of charge +ze with velocity vo. initially the two particles are very far apart. when the proton is a distance r from the nucleus its velocity has decreased to 1/2vo. how far from the nucleus will the proton be when its velocity has dropped to 1/4vo?

Glass is transparent to visibile light under normal conditions; however, at extremely high intensities, glass will absorb most of the light incident upon it. this works through a process known as multiphoton absorption. in this process, several photons are absorbed at the same time. if very intense light whose photons carry 2ev of energy is shined onto a material with a band gap of 4ev, that light can be absorbed through two-photon absorption, because two photons have the right amount of energy to bridge the band gap. what is the minimum number of photons of 800-nm light that are needed to equal or exceed the band gap of fused silica glass

If water vapor with the mass of 35.0 grams is cooled and condensed into water in a closed system such as a closed glass jar, what is the mass of the water after the water vapor completely condenses? a) 34.5 grams b) 35.0 grams c) 35.5 grams d) the mass cannot be determined without knowing the volume