Define the concept of risk in investment

If a is a nonzero real number then the reciprocal of a is

For every corresponding pair of cross sections, the area of the cross section of a sphere with radius r is equal to the area of the cross section of a cylinder with radius and height 2r minus the volume of two cones, each with a radius and height of r. a cross section of the sphere is and a cross section of the cylinder minus the cones, taken parallel to the base of cylinder, is the volume of the cylinder with radius r and height 2r is and the volume of each cone with radius r and height r is 1/3 pie r^3. so the volume of the cylinder minus the two cones is therefore, the volume of the cylinder is 4/3pie r^3 by cavalieri's principle. (fill in options are: r/2- r- 2r- an annulus- a circle -1/3pier^3- 2/3pier^3- 4/3pier^3- 5/3pier^3- 2pier^3- 4pier^3)

What will be the end result for the taxpayer who filed his federal income tax return using the 1040ez form shown belowa he'll owe $173b he'll receive a refund of $173c he'll owe $3921d he'll receive a refund of $3921