Suppose we want to choose 4 colors, without replacement, from 18 distinct colors. (a) If the order of the choices is relevant, how many ways can this be done?
(b) If the order of the choices is not relevant, how many ways can this be done?

Answers:

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Explanation for part (a)

Consider four slots labeled A,B,C,D.

We have

We started at 18 and counted down until we filled the four slots. The countdown is because we cannot repeat a color. Multiply out those values to get the 18*17*16*15 = 73440

You can use the nPr permutation formula as an alternative method

in this case n = 18 and r = 4. The exclamation marks indicate factorial.

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Explanation for part (b)

Let's say we had color labels A,B,C,... all the way up to R which is the 18th letter in the English alphabet. From those 18 letters, we can only pick four. Let's say we pick D,E,F,G.

Focusing solely on the set {D,E,F,G}, we only have one set and the order doesn't matter. So {D,E,F,G} is the same as {D,E,G,F}.

There are 4*3*2*1 = 24 ways to arrange those four items meaning that we'll need to divide the result of part (a) by 24 to get the result of part (b)

73440/24 = 3060

You could use the nCr combination formula to get the same result

where n = 18 and r = 4 are the same from last time.

The connection between nPr and nCr is this

which can be rearranged into

these formulas are handy to help us go back and forth between nCr or nPr.

6 hours 48 min

step-by-step explanation:

68÷5=13.6

13.6×30=408min=6 hours 48 min.

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