A study conducted by researchers at Pennsylvania State University investigated whether time perception, an indication of a person's ability to concentrate, is impaired during nicotine withdrawal. After a 24-hour smoking abstinence, 24 smokers were asked to estimate how much time had passed during a 45-second period. The average amount of perceived time that elapsed was 49.987 seconds with a standard deviation of 9.971 seconds. Is there evidence at the 0.01 level that nicotine withdrawal has a negative impact on time perception - that is, the mean perceived time elapsed is greater than the actual time period of 45 seconds? α= ?
Test Statistic: t =