Which of the following questions is stated as a cause-and-effect question? a) Is maternal smoking associated with low birth weight?
b) Do instructors who learn their students’ names receive higher ratings on student evaluations?
c) Does tutoring correlate with improved performance on exams?
d) Is lack of health insurance linked to shorter life expectancy?

required rate of return = 0.166 = 16.6%

step-by-step explanation:

under the capital asset pricing model (capm), the required or expected rate of return for a particular security or asset is given using the formula:

required rate of return = risk-free rate + beta*(market risk premium)

we are given that;

risk-free rate = 4% = 0.04

beta = 1.4

market risk premium = 9% = 0.09

we simply plug these values into the above formula;

required rate of return = 0.04 + 1.4*(0.09)

required rate of return = 0.04 + 0.126

required rate of return = 0.166 = 16.6%