Which of the following is an example of the associative property? 2(5 - 3) = 10 - 6
-7 + (19 + 5) = (-7 + 19) + 5
11 + (6 + 8) = 11 + (28 + 6)
· 3 = 1

White shapes and black shapes are used in a game. some of the shapes are circles. while the rest are squares. the ratio of the number of white shapes to the number of black shapes is 5: 11. the ratio of the number of white cicrles to the number of white squares is 3: 7. the ratio of the number of black circles to the number of black squres is 3: 8. work out what fraction of all the shapes are circles.