In a recent study, 0.72 were smokers and were 0.41 male smokers. What is the probability that if the person surveyed is a smoker then he is a male?

0.57

This value is approximate and rounded to two decimal places

The more accurate value is roughly 0.569444444 where the 4's repeat forever.

Work Shown:

M = person is a male

S = person is a smoker

P(S) = 0.72

P(M and S) = 0.41

P(M given S) = P(M and S)/P(S) conditional probability

P(M given S) = 0.41/0.72

P(M given S) = 0.5694444 approximately

P(M given S) = 0.57

I'm rounding to two decimal places because the other given values 0.72 and 0.41 are also to two decimal places.

Here's another way to think about it.

Let's say there are 100 people surveyed. If 72 are smokers, then P(S) = 72/100 = 0.72

If out of those 100 people, 41 are male smokers then P(M and S) = 41/100 = 0.41

We're asked to find the probability of picking someone who is male given we know they are a smoker. So we just focus on the 72 smokers ignoring the 28 other nonsmokers. Of those 72 people, 41 are male, so 41/72 = 0.569444 = 0.57 approximately.

answer:   segregation violated the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment, which holds that no state can “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

details/explanation:

brown v. board of education of topeka, decided by the us supreme court in 1954, ruled that all americans are entitled to the same civil liberties and protections in regard to access to education. until that decision, it was legal to segregate schools according to race, so that black students could not attend the same schools as white students.   an older supreme court decision, plessy v. ferguson (1896), had said that separate, segregated public facilities were acceptable as long as the facilities offered were equal in quality.   in the case of brown v. board of education, that standard was challenged and defeated.   segregation was shown to create inequality, and the supreme court unanimously ruled segregation to be unconstitutional.

the ruling was important in advancing civil rights because it affirmed that the 14th amendment applies to all rights and privileges of citizens, including access to   education.   this was being violated by states whose laws supported the segregation of schools.   section 1 of the 14th amendment reads as follows:

all persons born or naturalized in the united states and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the united states and of the state wherein they reside. no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the united states; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

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