Consider the following causal model y bx + v; x cy + u; where b 6 = 0; c 6 = 0 and bc 6 = 1: Suppose that the values of (u; v) are generated from (U; V ) s N 0; uu uv uv vv : We do not observe (U; V ) but we could observe the equilibrium solution (X, Y ). (a) Consider the special case with uu = 0 but vv 6 = 0 so that the model becomes

What is the value of n in the equation -1/2(2n+4)+6=-9+4(2n+1)

Each of the following data sets has a mean of x = 10. (i) 8 9 10 11 12 (ii) 7 9 10 11 13 (iii) 7 8 10 12 13 (a) without doing any computations, order the data sets according to increasing value of standard deviations. (i), (iii), (ii) (ii), (i), (iii) (iii), (i), (ii) (iii), (ii), (i) (i), (ii), (iii) (ii), (iii), (i) (b) why do you expect the difference in standard deviations between data sets (i) and (ii) to be greater than the difference in standard deviations between data sets (ii) and (iii)? hint: consider how much the data in the respective sets differ from the mean. the data change between data sets (i) and (ii) increased the squared difference îł(x - x)2 by more than data sets (ii) and (iii). the data change between data sets (ii) and (iii) increased the squared difference îł(x - x)2 by more than data sets (i) and (ii). the data change between data sets (i) and (ii) decreased the squared difference îł(x - x)2 by more than data sets (ii) and (iii). none of the above

Which of the following segments is a diameter of o?