Suppose 55 percent of the customers at Pizza Palooza order a square pizza, 72 percent order a soft drink, and 48 percent order both a square pizza and a soft drink. Is ordering a soft drink independent of ordering a square pizza?

No, the orders are not independent.

Step-by-step explanation:

If event 1 has some possible outcomes, suppose that we choose a given outcome 1 with a probability P1, and event 2, also with different possible outcomes, we can select an outcome 2, that has a probability P2, and the two events are independent (meaning that the outcome in event 1 does not affect the outcome in event 2, and vice versa)

Then the probability of outcome 1 and outcome 2 happening at the same time is equal to the product of their individual probabilities.

P = P1*P2.

In this case, event 1 is the selection of the pizza, and outcome 1 is the selection of the square pizza, with a probability of 55%.

Event 2 is the selection of the drink, outcome 2 is the order of a soft drink, with a probability of 72%.

If those two events were independent, then the probability that a customer orders a square pizza and a soft drink would be:

P = 0.55*0.72 = 0.396 (or 39.6%)

But we know that the actual probability is 48%.

So this is larger, which means that the outcomes are not independent.

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