What is the formula for scale factor

Ijust need to see how to do this. so you don’t have to answer all of them just a step by step explanation of one.

Atransformation t : (x,y) (x-5,y +3) the image of a(2,-1) is

Three students, javier, sam, and corrine, participated in a fundraiser where people donated a certain amount of money per lap that the student ran. each student also had some initial donations that were collected before the run. the equations that represent each student's total donation, y, based on the number of laps ran, x, is shown below. match each equation with the correct rate of change for that student.