Becarria thought that any punishment against a private citizen should be public, prompt, necessary, the minimum possible under the given circumstances, proportionate to the crimes, and established by law. Becarria's views were a result of his thinking of the importance of
protecting the rights of private citizens and that justice should be
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Asubject in a clinical research trial experiences a serious, unanticipated adverse drug experience. how should the investigator proceed, with respect to the irb, after the discovery of the adverse event occurrence? a. do not report the adverse drug experience to the irb since it is a common adverse experience. b. report the adverse drug experience to the irb only if there are several other occurrences. c. report the adverse drug experience as part of the continuing review report. d. report the adverse drug experience in a timely manner, in keeping with the irb's policies and procedures, using the forms or the mechanism provided by the irb.

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In which system of gonvernment would states function independently of each other?