In (1995), iowa female inmates argued that their equal protection rights under the 14th amendment were violated because programs and services were not at the same level as those provided male inmates. the court ruled against the female inmates, citing that no invidious discrimination was present.

John locke viewed the social contract as a choice or "consent of the governed", where the people possess the power to change government. how did thomas hobbes see the social contract? man is born in chains, but can be set free through good deeds. man is born happy, but becomes more miserable as he ages. man is born poor, but can rely on other individuals for security. man is born selfish, but can give up some freedom in return for security provided by the government.