Which of the following countries was not a member of the axis powers during world war ll ?

Russia, because the Axis powers were Germany (Hitler) , Italy (Musolini), and Japan (bombed Pearl Harbor in US).

It developed as a reaction to the impact of european colonialism in africa on peoples of african descent. in the  mid-20th century, activists in africa adopted pan-africanism as a rallying cry for independence from colonial rule. some african pan-africanists sought to unite the continent as one independenthope it was useful

Thomas edison created the light bulb.