Which of the following was an effect that the crusades had on muslim kingdoms? a. it united them in defense against the crusaders. b. it caused them to end most trade with the west. c. it started a reformation of the muslim religion. d. it led them to fight each other in civil war.

they both wanted to stop protestantism, they felt a call in life and it was to strengthen the church. charles used inquisition, philip used army's, charles gave control to outsiders, philip centralized all power.

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climate change is the big reason to the decline of the indus valley which also caused floods. so i dont know what answer would best fit the description thats just what i found online! have an awesome