Genetic engineering involves cloning an organism that has characteristics identical to its “parent” organism creating new genes to replace dying cells in people suffering from degenerative diseases growing live tissue on a scaffold that is flexible, fluid, and porous modifying an organism’s natural characteristics through changes to its genetic material

modifying an organism’s natural characteristics through changes to its genetic material.

Explanation:

Genetic engineering is the manipulation of the genetic material of an organism using biotechnology. This is usually done with the goal of creating improved or new organisms. The process can either take the form of "adding" genes that give particular characteristics to the organism, or "removing" genes in order to get rid of particular characteristics. An organism that has gone through this process is usually considered to be genetically modified (GMO).

the effect of the ming leaders banning ships with more than two masts was that there was no further construction of ships masts, because there was a surplus. ming emperors disallowed foreign exploration