What factors produced the division within the christian church?

I assume you are talking about the Catholic Church. One of the first distinctions is the differences in the head of the church. Catholics claim the Pope is God's messenger on Earth, Protestants don't believe there is any other messenger but Jesus and the Bible, Eastern Orthodox follows the teachings of 7 councils. Other factors that lead to divisions are church structure, baptism (yes people argue over whether its better to sprinkle or dunk, along with when it should occur at infancy or upon acceptance of Christ). There are also differences on how the Bible should be interpreted and understood.