The political entity following the civil war, which took the view of reconstruction that harsh penalties needed to be doled out to former confederates while giving full rights to freedmen, was called democrats, radical republicans, scalawags, moderate republicans

The answer is  Radical Republicans.

They believed blacks were entitled to the same  political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the civil war.

The Republican Radicals felt that extraordinary times called for direct intervention in state affairs and laws designed to protect the emancipated blacks. At the heart of their belief was the notion that blacks must be given a chance to compete  in a free-labor economy. In 1866, the activist congress introduced a bill to extend the life of the Freedmen's Bureau and began work on a Civil Rights Bill.

william marbury filed suit against secretary of state james madison because madison refused to deliver the justice of the peace commission former president john adams awarded marbury under the organic act of 1801.