Aweakness of all of the muslim empire, including the ottomans, the mughals, and the safavids, was that they all were focused on land acquisition and did not develop their navies in order to control the seas.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts