Which development in the ottoman empire contradicted the opinion of government bureaucracy expressed in the passage?

The development in the Ottoman Empire that have contradicted the opinion of the government and the bureaucracy that has been expressed in the passage is how the public servants were able to be corrupted and in the same time, grew wealthy in which they are likely to engage of collecting taxes and having to skin money all for themselves.

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".

"a government in which power is divided between state and national levels". federalism is a system of government in which entities such and state and province, share power with the national government.