Jacob riis, upton sinclair, ida tarbell, and lincoln steffens were all:

Muckrakers, is the right answer.

Explanation:

The term muckrakers throughout the Progressive Era was used to refer those journalists who wanted to make some administrative reforms in the United States. these journalists presented authorized organisations and administrators as corrupt. Most of the muckrakers penned nonfiction, but fictional exposés usually had a significant influence too.

Upton Sinclair, Jacob Riis, Ida Tarbell, and Lincoln Steffens, were some of the prominent muckrakers of the time.

one of the negative side effects were the economic losses the events of september 11th caused. many, many people lost their jobs as a result of a downturn in the economy after the terrorist attacks.