Why did the islamic world suffer hardship during the 1200s and 1300s?
a. muslim tyrants kept their subjects in serfdom and poverty.
b. western european kings sent armies to retake jerusalem and capture as many muslims as possible to use as slaves.
c. mongol armies rode out of central asia to invade and conquer first one part and then another part of the muslim world.
d. christian soldiers of the byzantine empire forced muslims under their control to accept christianity or face death.

pepin the short[a] (german: pippin der kurze, french: pépin le bref, c. 714 – 24 september 768) was the king of the franks from 751 until his death. he was the first of the carolingians to become king.[b][2]

the younger son of the frankish prince charles martel and his wife rotrude, pepin's upbringing was distinguished by the ecclesiastical education he had received from the monks of st. denis. succeeding his father as the mayor of the palace in 741, pepin reigned over francia jointly with his elder brother carloman. pepin ruled in neustria, burgundy, and provence, while his brother carloman established himself in austrasia, alemannia and thuringia. the brothers were active in suppressing revolts led by the bavarians, aquitanians, saxons, and the alemanni in the early years of their reign. in 743, they ended the frankish interregnum by choosing childeric iii, who was to be the last merovingian monarch, as figurehead king of the franks.