What, according to the author, is an important but onerous civic duty from which women have historically been excluded in the united states?

According to the author, Registering with selective service is an important but onerous civic duty from which women have historically been excluded in the United States. Affirmative action” means positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and culture from which they have been historically excluded.

The answer is d.  the north had organized schools, whereas the south had few organized schools.