4. why did castes become a part of hindu society?
a. they ensured economic prosperity for all who performed proper rules.
b. they maintained law and order by reducing conflict.
c. they protected indian culture from foreign influences.
d. they supported religious notions about spiritual purity.

5. which condition made possible the gupta golden age?
a. centralized authoritarian rule
b. economic prosperity from trade
c. isolation from other civilizations
d. the spread of buddism

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7. how did the sapa inca govern many distant lands?
a. by delegating power to provincial governors.
b. by maintaining local standing armies.
c. by permitting villages to make their own laws.
d. by redistributing land and property.

8. on which of the following points did socrates, plato, and aristotle agree?
a. the importance of social equality
b. the need for democratic reforms
c. the use of reason to solve problems
d. the virtue of scientific observation

9. which concept is a feature of both ancient roman law and u. s law?
a. the right of the accused to face the accuser.
b. the presumption of guilt until proven innocent.
c. the interpretation of the law by a jury.
d. the imposition of penalties based on social class.

10. why were the teachings of jesus a threat to roman rule?
a. he called for the formation of a powerful priestly class.
b. he emphasized fairness and social equality.
c. he wanted jewish customs to be codified as laws.
d. he supported armed resistance to authority.

11. which statement best describes how the fall of rome affected medieval europe?
a. it enabled the byzantine emperor to extend his power westward.
b. it led to the rise of powerful nation-states and monarchs.
c. it left a power vacuum filled by a patchwork of feudal kingdoms.
d. it opened the continent to conquest by islamic caliphs.

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13. how did the magna carta affect the english government?
a. it elevated the king above the law.
b. it ended the feudal system in england.
c. it established common law in europe.
d. it secured rights for nobles.

14. which of the following best describes the effect of religion on medieval europe?
a. bans against certain art forms limited creative production
b. efforts to promote religious education expanded learning
c. religious tutoring for nobles widened economic and social gaps.
d. the clergy promoted literacy as a means to salvation through scripture.

15. how did the great schism affect european society?
a. it decreased contact between eastern and western europe, limiting trade.
b. it led to a labor shortage that collapsed the feudal system.
c. it made central europe vulnerable to invasion by the mongols
d. it weakened the church and hastened the decline of medieval culture.