By the mid-1800s southern defenders of slavery argued that the institution was not exploitive; it was because blacks were taught disciplined work and were saved by christianity

The answer is civilizing. In the midst of the mid-1800s, southern defenders of slavery discussed that the organization was not oppressive; it was civilizing for the reason that blacks or the African Americans were being trained to be disciplined workers and being disciplined at work and they were also saved by Christianity.

it's a secular holiday. it is and was a custom developed to recognize the ending of a time and a wish for a good future. the kind of kiss you exchange, if you are single, is intended to predict what kind of year you will have in the coming year.

it is saying good bye to the last year with all its ups and downs, and hello to the new year, with all its hopes and dreams.

the answer is c, all the other options are things they are known for.

hope this ☺️