What writer concluded that european society was on the decline after world war i? a. ernest hemingway b. oswald spengler c. gertrude stein d. karl barth

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".

e. all of em

~courtney