The three branches of government established in the early years of the united states are the executive, legislative, and judicial. more recently however, there is a growing belief that we have established a fourth branch of government. what does this refer to?

The 4th Branch of government is an expression for groups which influence the three branches set up by the United States Constitution. This group could include the Press, various lobby groups, such as the Gun Lobby. But it also includes everyday citizens and people who could write to their representatives or join demonstrations etc.

The answer is athens and sparta.