The coalition of various reform groups was called the

The coalition of various reform groups was called the Young Turks.

This faction was formed by the end of the 19 century, within the Committee of Union and Progress Party, as a way to put a halt on the Ottoman Empire's absolute monarchy abuse and create a series of political reforms such as the establishment of a constitutional government. It consisted of Ottoman exiles, students, civil servants, and army officers who were affected and tired of the monarchy's tyrannical rule. In the early 20th century, they successfully led a rebellion against the ruler of the Ottoman Dynasty, Abdul Hamid II, and they helped to establish the Second Constitutional Era.

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the correct answer is a) egypt and china.

egypt and china are two of the world’s oldest civilizations known by man. both ancient empires have left a great historic and cultural legacy to the world through archeology. both civilzations developed complex social relations, had deep religious beliefs, had dominion of agriculture and left writing records to understand their customs and culture.

among the requirements to consider a civilization, we find urbanization, writing records, a place of residence, agriculture methods, technological specialization, means of transportation, currency, population density, social stratification, and political integration.