How did pirates and smugglers reflect a growing sense of autonomy among british colonists in the 17th century? both groups developed an independent political culture separate from the british monarchy. both groups supported open rebellion against british control to create separate nations. both groups saw mercantilist policies as opportunities for growth outside the british empire. both groups demanded british recognition and respect for their laws and traditions?

Both groups developed an independent political culture separate from the British monarchy.

Explanation:

This is one of the ways in which pirates and smugglers reflected a growing sense of autonomy among British colonists in the 17th century. During the 17th century, the American colonies were still considered part of the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, there was a growing sense of independence among them that would eventually lead to the Revolutionary War. One of the ways in which this independence was reflected was by the independent culture that pirates and smugglers developed.