Which of the following was a common factor to most of the African kingdoms by the 12th century?Hesitant to tradeAdoption of a major religionLittle cultural developmentReliance on conquest

billygate was not one of the scandals

i am only doing this for the points.

question as stated in comment

why did the chinese require the portuguese to pay for goods in gold and silver when trading?

choices

portuguese goods were less valuable than chinese goods.

the chinese already had a surplus of portuguese goods.

the imperial government wanted to stockpile gold and silver.

portuguese and chinese currencies were not exchangeable.

this a history q n in ancient time, theres no money exchange. so ans is portuguese and chinese currencies were not exchangeable.