What
What is an informal empires

east-west schism. the greatest effect of the east-west schism was the creation of two separate churches that had previously been unified under one church, the eastern orthodox church and the roman catholic church.

switch around #3 and #4

explanation:

i hope this , im not 100% on this i really hoped this

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.