The Vikings are generally regarded as being a destructive force in European history: a. as evidenced by the raids they staged on virtually every population center in Europe from London to Paris to Rome itself. b. but this has been exaggerated since they stayed mostly in Scandinavia with only a few raids into England and northern France, destructive though those were. c. which is true, but they have an undeservedly bad reputation when compared with the Magyars who conducted raids into western and southern Europe. d. but such a view may not be correct in light of the principalities they established across northern Europe. e. because of the destruction caused to a great many monasteries throughout Europe and the accompanying loss of the libraries in those monasteries.