What is female circumcision (see doc. 92 in your sourcebook), and why do you think Ngugi made this the central catalyst for the book?  Why did the practice cause so much controversy?

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.

new england colonies endured bitterly cold winters and mild summers

the colonists made their living fishing, whaling, and shipbuilding. the fish included cod, mackerel, herring, halibut, hake, bass and sturgeon.

i think the answer is a