MANILA (REUTERS) - A strong 6.4-magnitude earthquake shook the southern Philippines on Saturday (Sept 8), sending frightened residents fleeing from buildings, officials and eyewitnesses said. The quake struck off the coast of the southern town of Manay at about 3.16pm at a depth of 14km, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) said in a statement. The institute said it expects the earthquake to have caused some damage but it and the local civil defence office said there were no immediate reports of serious destruction.

“A lot of people ran from their homes because a lot of items were falling inside,” Phivolcs science researcher John Deximo told AFP.

The Philippines lies on the so-called Ring of Fire, a vast Pacific Ocean region where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. At least two people were killed and scores injured when a 6.5-magnitude quake struck the central Philippines in July 2017.

The most recent major quake to hit the Philippines was in 2013 when a 7.1-magnitude quake left more than 220 people dead and destroyed historic churches in the central islands.

1. what risk/s can you identify from news article
2. what do you think are the factors that affect the disaster risk from the preceding artticle

MANILA (REUTERS) - A strong 6.4-magnitude earthquake shook the southern Philippines on Saturday (Sept 8), sending frightened residents fleeing from buildings, officials and eyewitnesses said. 

The quake struck off the coast of the southern town of Manay at about 3.16pm at a depth of 14km, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) said in a statement.  The institute said it expects the earthquake to have caused some damage but it and the local civil defence office said there were no immediate reports of serious destruction. 

“A lot of people ran from their homes because a lot of items were falling inside,” Phivolcs science researcher John Deximo told AFP. 

The Philippines lies on the so-called Ring of Fire, a vast Pacific Ocean region where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.  At least two people were killed and scores injured when a 6.5-magnitude quake struck the central Philippines in July 2017. 

The most recent major quake to hit the Philippines was in 2013 when a 7.1-magnitude quake left more than 220 people dead and destroyed historic churches in the central islands. 

b) a state law could be declared illegal if it contradicted the constitution.

explanation:

the conflict of this case originated when james w. mcculloch, a cashier of the baltimore branch of the second bank of the united states that the congress had chartered in 1816, refused to pay a tax imposed by the maryland state.

in the case, the state of maryland appealed that the establishment of a second bank was unconstitutional since the constitution didn't say anything about granting that power to congress. however, the case determined that even if such right wasn't specifically stated in the constitution, it was part of the "implied powers" of the government enunciated in article i, section 8.

the case also eliminated maryland's legislation to impose taxes to a national bank, asserting that even though the states retained the power of taxation, the constitution's laws are supreme and can not be controlled by the states, therefore, if a state law contradicts the constitution, it should be declared illegal.

explanation:

d. direct