What danger does Madison say factions present to the rights of other citizens? (In Federalist #10, the first paragraph)

this means that germany had to pay the allied countries. reparations are/is essentially payment for something that they have done wrong, so after ww1, germany was forced to pay reparations so they could replenish the allied countries resources' that they had lost during the war.

i think the answer is b.

napoleon the third became a empire in 1873 also known as the era of the franco-prussian war.